Life cycle optimization framework of charging–swapping integrated energy …
The maximum waiting time is used to evaluate the battery swapping service quality of the energy supply system calculated by (6).(6) T wait, max = max i = 1, … N vh, tot T swap, i − T come, i where N vh,tot is the total number of arriving vehicles; T swap, i and T come, i represent the battery swapping and the arrival time of the i th …